本集内容

"Earthrise": The first colour photo of Earth from the Moon

《地出》：第一张从月球拍摄的彩色地球照片

文字稿

"Oh my God, look at that picture over there! There is the Earth coming up. Wow, that's pretty!"

“天呐，快看那边的景象！地球升起来了。哇，这太美了！”

This was the first time humans saw our planet like this. It was shot by the crew of Apollo 8, who were the first to orbit the Moon.

这是人类第一次以这种视角审视我们的星球。这张照片由 “阿波罗 8 号” 任务的机组人员拍摄，他们是首批完成绕月飞行的航天员。

Col Frank Borman, Commander, Apollo 8
"We were aiming for a point 69 miles in front of a moving Moon. And I think we fired the spacecraft engine something like four minutes to slow down enough to get in lunar orbit. And then we looked down and there was the Moon. One of the things that had struck me was there was absolutely no colour. On about the fifth or sixth revolution, we looked up and there was the Earth in the background."

弗兰克·博尔曼上校   “阿波罗 8 号” 指令长
“我们当时的目标是进入运行中的月球前方 69 英里的位置。我想我们让航天器引擎点火了大约四分钟，才将速度降到足以进入绕月轨道的程度。然后我们向下望去，看到了月球。其中最让我感到震撼的是月球上完全没有色彩。在进行到绕月的第五圈或第六圈时，我们抬头一看，地球出现在了背景中。”

"Oh, I got it right. It's a beautiful shot."

“噢，我拍到了。这张照片拍得非常美。”

Col Frank Borman, Commander, Apollo 8
"There was a scramble for the camera, and Bill Anders took the picture. The contrast between the distressed Moon and the beautiful blue Earth was remarkable. The Earth was the only thing in the entire universe that had any colour. It gave us all the sense that we live on a fragile planet, that we have limited resources, and we better learn to take care of it. I don't think any of us had paid any attention to the fact that we would be going all the way to the Moon and be more interested in looking at the Earth."

弗兰克·博尔曼上校    “阿波罗 8 号” 指令长
“我们急忙找相机，然后比尔·安德斯拍下了这张照片。满目疮痍的月球和蔚蓝美丽的地球形成了鲜明的对比。地球是整个宇宙中唯一拥有色彩的事物。这让我们所有人都意识到我们生活在一个脆弱的星球上，我们拥有的资源是有限的，最好学会照顾好这个星球。我们谁都没料到，虽然我们大老远跑到了月球，结果却对观察地球更感兴趣。”

Earlier this month, Artemis II completed its mission flying around the Moon. For the first time in 50 years, humans have taken new photos of the Earth from the Moon.

本月早些时候，“阿尔忒弥斯 2 号” 完成了其绕月飞行任务。时隔 50 年，人类再次从月球轨道拍摄到了地球的新照片。

重点词汇或表达

crew 全体机组人员

lunar orbit 绕月轨道

scramble 匆匆的行动

contrast 对比

distressed 满目疮痍的

内容简介

形容词作定语时，该放在名词前还是名词后？为什么在表达 “没房间了” 时，通常用 “no room available” 这种后置结构，而不是 “no available room” 呢? 其实，形容词位置的变化不仅关乎语感是否自然，有时还会改变句子的含义。这是为什么呢？听节目，跟主持人步理和 Becca 一起学习形容词前置和后置的习惯和规律。

文字稿

（关于台词的备注: 请注意这不是广播节目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能没有体现录制、编辑过程中对节目做出的改变。）

Buli
大家好，欢迎收听 BBC 英语教学的 “你问我答” 节目。We are here to answer your questions about English language, culture and life. I'm Buli, and I'm with Becca, who is here to help me answer this week's question. Hi Becca, how are you doing today?

Becca
I'm good, thank you, Buli. I'm really looking forward to the weekend.

Buli
Oh yeah? Have you got any plans?

Becca
Well, I was going to stay at my favourite spa hotel with a friend. Unfortunately, there's no room available for us, so we'll go camping instead!

Buli
That's quite different to your original plan. I hope the weather will be nice for you.

Becca
Me too. How about you, Buli? Are you doing anything fun?

Buli
Nothing interesting. I will probably just relax at home. But I guess if it doesn't rain, I'll go for a walk somewhere nice. Talking about 'somewhere nice', let's hear the question we are going to answer in this episode.

Question
我发现英语里有一些形容词在修饰名词的时候需要后置。比如，宾馆前台说 “没有空房间了” 的时候好像更常用 “there are no room available” 而不是 “there are no available room”。我想知道还有哪些形容词在修饰名词的时候经常需要后置？有什么相关的规律吗？

Buli
So, our listener noticed that sometimes adjectives come after the noun, like 'no room available', instead of before, like 'no available room'.

Becca
It's a really interesting point. I guess both sound possible, but 'no room available' feels more natural to me.

Buli
So, maybe we can say that 'no room available' sounds better in everyday English?

Becca
Perhaps. There are definitely some adjectives that just tend to come after the noun, especially in certain situations. This often happens when we're talking about something that exists or is possible at that moment. Adjectives like 'available', 'present', 'responsible', and 'involved' are often used after the noun in these cases. For example, we say 'the people present' rather than 'the present people'.

Buli
Although 'the present people' could mean something different, like people in general nowadays.

从语法上来讲，形容词通常作名词的定语，经常位于名词前。但对于一些句式和语境来说，形容词后置的用法可能更加自然。比如，描述某样东西存在的事实或可能性的形容词 “available（可用的，有空的）”、“present（在场的，存在的）” 和 “involved（涉及的，参与的）”，就通常都位于名词后。

除此之外，当我们用定冠词 “the” 来修饰名词时，形容词位于名词前和名词后会表达出不同的含义。比如，“the people present” 的意思是 “目前出席的人，眼前的这些人”；但 “the present people” 的意思既可以是 “现在的、眼前的这群人”，也可以理解为 “当下的人类或整个社会里的人”。

Becca
That's true. Another example is 'the person responsible'. It sounds natural, but 'the responsible person' has a slightly different meaning. When we talk about 'the responsible person', it's more about personality than a specific role.

Buli
That's another good example. Thank you, Becca!

你正在收听的是 BBC 英语教学制作的 “你问我答” 节目。在本期节目中，我们正在讨论在修饰名词时形容词什么时候要在名词前，什么时候要在名词后的问题。

总的来说，形容词作定语时应该前置还是后置的关键在于我们在句子中想要强调的重点。一般来说，当形容词位于名词后时，更加强调形容词本身提供的信息以及指向的对象；而形容词位于名词前时，强调的重点通常是名词所代表的事物本身。

Becca
Yes, it's almost like defining which person or thing we mean. We also see this structure after indefinite pronouns like 'something', 'anything', or 'nothing'.

Buli
Right, that's a really common pattern. 修饰 “something”、“anything” 和 “nothing” 等不定代词的形容词也通常位于它们之后。Becca，就好像你刚才问我 “周末想做点什么好玩的事情” 的时候，说的是 “are you doing anything fun”。

Becca
Yep! And you said, nothing interesting, but maybe you'll go somewhere nice. So, to summarise, adjectives usually come before the noun in English, but they come after in a few key situations like with indefinite pronouns, certain fixed expressions and when we want to add specific identifying information.

Buli
没错。在组织语言时我们一定要根据想要传达的意思和重点来决定形容词的位置。

Becca
Exactly! Remember, if you have a question that you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk

Buli
你还可以通过微博向我们提问。我们的微博账号是 “BBC英语教学”。Bye!

Becca
Goodbye!

节目简介

在英国，人们习惯用 “wood” 指代 “森林”。成语 “can't see the wood for the trees” 就用 “只见树木，不见森林” 来形容 “一个人被局部的细节所迷惑，而忽略了全貌”，在寓意上和汉语成语 “一叶障目” 十分近似。听节目，跟主持人菲菲和 Georgie 学习这个成语的用法。

文字稿

（关于台词的备注: 请注意这不是广播节目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能没有体现录制、编辑过程中对节目做出的改变。）

Feifei
Hello and welcome to Authentic Real English, where we explain phrases and expressions used by fluent English speakers so that you can use them too! I'm Feifei, and I'm joined by Georgie. How are you?

Georgie
I'm very well, thank you. How are you?

Feifei
I'm very well, thank you, Georgie. So, what are we learning in this programme?

Georgie
Well, the other day, I thought of quite an old idiom – can't see the wood for the trees. Now, it's old, but it is still quite commonly used. If you can't see the wood for the trees, it means that you're so focused on the small details of something, that you aren't looking at the situation as a whole and what's important.

Feifei
Oh right! Because 'wood' in British English can mean something similar to 'forest'. So if you're standing in front of an individual tree, maybe looking at the details of the bark, you can't see the entire forest. You can't see the wood for the trees.

Georgie
Right, which is why in American English you might also hear 'can't see the forest for the trees'.

Feifei
Yes. Why don't we have an example, Georgie? How would we use it in the context of work?

Georgie
OK. So imagine a team working on a document. They spend hours thinking about the font size, but the content of the document is unclear and the overall structure doesn't make sense. If you're obsessing over the font size, you're missing the bigger issue – the document itself isn't working.

Feifei
Yes. The team can't see the wood for the trees. This idiom is often used gently to give advice rather than criticism. Shall we have some more examples?

Examples
When I was writing my novel, I couldn't see the wood for the trees. I kept getting stuck on the same sentence, writing it over and over again.

When I was planning my wedding, I just became obsessed with the seating plan. I couldn't think about anything else. I couldn't see the wood for the trees.

I've been working on this project for so long, I can't see the wood for the trees at this point – I've forgotten why we're doing it in the first place. I think I need to get an outside perspective.

Feifei
你正在收听的是 BBC 英语教学制作的 “地道英语” 节目。在本期节目中，我们正在学习一个英语成语 “can't see the wood for the trees”。“Can't see the wood for the trees” 的字面意思是 “只看见树木而看不见森林”，人们用它来比喻 “被事物或事件局部的细节所迷惑或吸引，因而看不到它的全貌”。这个英语成语和汉语的成语 “一叶障目” 十分相似，形容的都是 “由于过度关注细节而失去了对全局的把握和视野”。

Georgie
Yes. And there's some other useful language to use in this context. If someone can't see the wood for the trees, they should take a step back and look at the bigger picture. 'The bigger picture' is a phrase meaning the situation as a whole.

Feifei
Yes, they shouldn't 'get bogged down in the details'.

和 “can't see the wood for the trees” 有关的表达还有 “the bigger picture” 和 “get bogged down in the details”。“The bigger picture” 的意思是就是 “事物的整体，大局”。单词 “bog” 的意思是 “沼泽”，所以 “get bogged down in the details” 形容的是 “像被拖进了一片沼泽地一样被事物的细节所迷惑和拖累，所以完成一件事情的速度被拖延”。

Georgie
Those are all useful phrases to use. Let's recap.

Feifei
We learnt the idiom 'can't see the wood for the trees', which means you focus too much on smaller details that you forget to look at the whole situation.

Georgie
Join us again next time. Goodbye!

Feifei
Bye-bye!

英国皇家兽医学院的一项新研究显示，像可卡贵宾犬、拉布拉多贵宾犬和卡瓦贵宾犬这类杂交犬，比它们的纯种双亲更容易表现出 “不良行为”。

Doodle dogs, bred from a poodle crossed with a different breed, have grown in popularity in recent years, but the Royal Veterinary College says they don't always behave as expected, particularly around training, anxiety and aggression.

“杂交贵宾犬”，也就是贵宾犬和其它犬种的杂交后代，近年来大受青睐。但皇家兽医学院表示，这类混种犬的行为表现并不总能如人所愿，尤其是在受训能力、焦虑情绪和攻击性方面。

It questioned the owners of more than 9,000 dogs in the UK, looking at doodles and the parent breeds.

这项研究调查了英国 9000 多名犬主，对比了杂交贵宾犬和它们亲代品种的情况。

The researchers found where there were differences, the doodle breeds behaviours were more undesirable in eight out of ten cases.

研究人员发现，在存在差异的行为对比中，杂交贵宾犬的行为在 80% 的情况下表现得更不理想。

The most common issues were fear of loud noises, separation anxiety and problems with training.

最常见的问题包括害怕巨大噪音、分离焦虑和训练困难。

词汇表

doodle dogs 杂交贵宾犬
poodle 贵宾犬
crossed  杂交
breed 品种
aggression 攻击性
undesirable 不良的，不理想的
separation anxiety 分离焦虑

听力练习

一、听第一遍音频，回答问题。

1. Which are more likely to display undesirable behaviours, poodles or doodle dogs?

二、用一分钟阅读下列问题，然后听第二遍音频并回答问题。

1. What is the best description of a doodle?
a. a dog that is part poodle
b. a badly behaved poodle
c. a dog that you can't train

2. The Royal Veterinary College questioned dog owners in all parts of the UK, including Scotland.
a. True
b. False
c. Not given

3. Doodle dogs are as well behaved as their parents.
a. True
b. False
c. Not given

4. The researchers compared the behaviours of doodle dogs and their parent breeds.
a. True
b. False
c. Not given

5. One of the most common issues with doodle dogs was a fear of _______ noises.

三、听第三遍音频，将句子补充完整。（提示：可以反复听，直到听清楚每一个词）

1. It questioned the owners of ________________ 9,000 dogs in the UK, looking at doodles and the parent breeds.

2. The researchers found where ________________ differences, the doodle breeds behaviours were more undesirable in eight out of ten cases.

答案

一、听第一遍音频，回答问题。

1. Which are more likely to display undesirable behaviours, poodles or doodle dogs?

Doodle dogs are more likely to display undesirable behaviours.

二、用一分钟阅读下列问题，然后听第二遍音频并回答问题。

1. a. Doodle dogs, bred from a poodle crossed with a different breed…

2. c. Not given. We know the researchers questioned dog owners in the UK, but details are not given.

3. b. False. The researchers found where there were differences, the doodle breeds behaviours were more undesirable in eight out of ten cases.

4. a. True. It questioned the owners of more than 9,000 dogs in the UK, looking at doodles and the parent breeds.

5. One of the most common issues with doodle dogs was a fear of loud noises.

三、听第三遍音频，将句子补充完整。（提示：可以反复听，直到听清楚每一个词）

1. It questioned the owners of more than 9,000 dogs in the UK, looking at doodles and the parent breeds.

2. The researchers found where there were differences, the doodle breeds behaviours were more undesirable in eight out of ten cases.

人类与自然界的动物相比，谁才是真正的 “建筑大师”？虽然没有钢筋混凝土，但蜘蛛、水獭等动物也能利用天然材料建造出精妙的结构。其中，鸟类的筑巢技艺更是别具一格。鸟类有哪些筑巢的 “独门绝技”？这些技术和风格又是如何世代相传的？本文将带你探索科学家对鸟类建筑能力的最新研究成果。

词汇：animals 动物

1  Animals build their homes to achieve different living goals. Bees build hives to store and protect food, spiders spin webs to catch prey and beavers build dams to create pools. But, as you walk around a town or stroll along a countryside pathway, you may notice some unique homes up on the treetops – nests.

2  Like architects, birds carefully engineer their nests before building them. A report named Architectural traditions in the structures built by cooperative weaver birds says that their designs are influenced by those before them. A study released by iScience finds that birds follow a culture that gets passed down. Not the high culture of art, literature and music, but an older process of transmitting traits and skills through generations.

3  Bird nest building: visions for the future, says that birds who are first-time builders will often copy familiar individuals, highlighting how important this individual, perhaps the parent, is. Sound familiar? An article in the National Library of Medicine explains how children learn by imitating their caregiver.

4  These behaviours, though, can also change in response to pressures of natural selection, a term coined by Charles Darwin in his theory of evolution. Competition is one of the three components of that theory.

5  And it's not just in the human world where certain property locations are highly desirable. Some species of birds even steal nest locations from others. Studies at the Zoological Society of London have discovered that invasive species will compete with native birds for suitable trees to build their nests in. Experiments published in Science Direct also show that most female birds look for fresh, green nests when choosing their mate. A report from RSPB further adds that in some species of birds, such as wrens, the male will build multiple nests from which the female can choose her favourite and even tidy it up. This tells us that, like humans, the quality of a home, in addition to its location and cleanliness, can influence whether a pair of birds decide to live and start a family there.

测验与练习

一、将标题和段落配对。

Paragraph 1 _______
Paragraph 2 _______
Paragraph 3 _______
Paragraph 4 _______
Paragraph 5 _______

a. Bird behaviours can change
b. Bird behaviours never change
c. Birds and other animals' homes
d. Birds compete for the best home
e. Birds copy behaviours
f.  Birds have culture

二、根据文章内容选出正确的选项。

1. You'll often find birds' nests on the grounds in the countryside.
a. True
b. False
c. Not given

2. Birds are influenced by …
a. beavers.
b. bees.
c. other birds.

3. Research published in the National Library of Medicine explains that children's ability to learn…
a. can come from copying.
b. can only improve by going to school.
c. comes from their genetics.

4. Charles Darwin created the theory of evolution by…
a. natural competition.
b. natural protection.
c. natural selection.

5. Research from the Zoological Society of London shows us that birds will compete for the nest location to build their homes.
a. True
b. False
c. Not given

三、用下列单词完成对本文的总结。

The 1) _______ of nests is often 2) _______ as part of bird culture. They often learn by 3) _______ other birds around them and will try to build the best nest with hopes of finding a 4) _______. Scientists think that these behaviours are part of birds' 5) _______.

architecture
evolution
imitating
generations
mate
passed down
transmitting

（答案见词汇表后）

词汇表

hive 蜂巢
spin 编织，纺织
prey 猎物
dam 水坝
unique 独特的
nest 鸟巢
architect 建筑师
engineer 设计，筑造
pass down 传承，在世代间传递
transmit 传递，传播
trait 特征
generation 世代，一代
imitate 模仿
caregiver 看护者
selection 挑选，选择
coin 创造，首次使用（某一词语）
evolution 进化
desirable 理想的，渴望获得的
invasive 入侵性的，外来的
native 当地的，土生土长的
mate 配偶

答案

一、将标题和段落配对。

Paragraph 1 c) Birds and other animals' homes
Paragraph 2 f) Birds have culture
Paragraph 3 e) Birds copy behaviours
Paragraph 4 a) Bird behaviours can change
Paragraph 5 d) Birds compete for the best home

二、根据文章内容选出正确的选项。

1. b. False. But, as you walk around a town or walk along a countryside pathway, you may notice some unique homes up on the treetops – nests.

2. c. Like humans and architecture, birds carefully engineer their nests before building them, and their designs would’ve been influenced by those before them.

3. a. … An article published in the National Library of Medicine explains how children learn by imitating their caregiver.

4. c. These behaviours, though, can also change in response to pressures of selection – or natural selection. Coined by Charles Darwin, competition is one of the three components of the Darwinian theory of evolution.

5. a. True. Studies at the Zoological Society of London have discovered that invasive species of birds will compete with native birds for suitable trees.

三、用下列单词完成对本文的总结。

The architecture of nests is often passed down as part of bird culture. They often learn by imitating other birds around them and will try to build the best nest with hopes of finding a mate. Scientists think that these behaviours are part of birds' evolution. 

本集内容

Dogs were man's best friend far earlier than thought

狗成为人类 “最佳伙伴” 的时间远早于早前认知

文字稿

It's a small piece of jawbone, but a huge scientific discovery.

这块下颌骨虽小，却是一项重大的科学发现。

The animal it belonged to stalked these caves in Cheddar Gorge thousands of years ago.

长有这块骨头的动物在数千年前曾在切达峡谷的洞穴中出没。

New tests on the bone, of which this is a replica, have revealed astonishing new insights into the relationship between the beast that once roamed these caves and the people who lived here.

通过对这块骨头进行的检测，这里展示的是复制品，我们得以窥见曾经在这些洞穴中漫步的猛兽和在此生活的人类之间惊人的关系。

Pallab Ghosh, BBC correspondent
"It may not look like much, but this fragment of a jawbone has transformed our ideas of dogs and their relationship to humans. Genetic analysis shows that this was one of the first ever domesticated dogs that lived with humans here 15,000 years ago. That's thousands of years earlier than anyone had previously thought."

帕拉布·戈什  BBC 通讯员
“它看起来也许不起眼，但这块下颌骨碎片改变了我们对狗以及它们和人类之间关系的看法。基因分析显示，这是最早被驯化的家犬之一，它在 1.5 万年前和人类共同居住于此。这比此前人们认为的时间早了数千年。”

Dr Lachie Scarsbrook, geneticist, University of Oxford
"We had Stone Age hunter-gatherers and their dogs living and inhabiting this cave."

拉奇·斯卡布鲁克博士 牛津大学遗传学家
“石器时代的狩猎采集者和他们的狗就曾经生活和居住在这个洞窟中。”

Doctor Lachie Brooke was among the scientists who made the discovery.

拉奇·斯卡布鲁克博士是参与这项发现的科学家之一。

Dr Lachie Scarsbrook, geneticist, University of Oxford
"Not only is this earlier than we thought for dogs, it's 6,000 years earlier than cattle, pigs, sheep – all of these other domesticates. Cats only entered our homes 2,000 years ago. So this is a very long-standing relationship between humans and dogs, and it's been pushed back for 5,000 years earlier than we thought before."

拉奇·斯卡布鲁克博士 牛津大学遗传学家
“这不仅刷新了我们对狗的认知，它也比牛、猪、羊等所有其它家畜的驯化早了 6000 年。猫在 2000 年前才住进我们的家宅。因此，人和狗的关系源远流长，而这项发现将这一时间线又往前推进了 5000 年。”

These are broken remains of puppies that once lived around the same time, but 2,000 miles away in central Anatolia in Turkey.

这些是生活在同一时期的幼犬遗骨，但发现地点是在 2000 英里之外的土耳其安纳托利亚中部。

The tests showed that the dogs were genetically similar, which means that the Turkish dogs must have travelled across Europe with their masters.

检测显示，这些狗的基因十分相似，这意味着土耳其的狗一定是随主人一起横跨了欧洲。

Tests also showed they ate the same food as humans.

检测还显示它们和人类吃了相同的食物。

Dr Selina Brace, Merit Researcher, Natural History Museum
"Dogs and humans were travelling together. They were also sharing the same food. There is this closeness between them. So, human's best friend was his best friend at least 15,000 years ago."

赛琳娜·布雷斯博士 伦敦自然史博物馆高级研究员
“狗当时和人类一起旅行。还会共享食物。他们的关系非常亲密。所以说，早在 1.5万年前，狗就是人类最好的朋友了。”

But the scientific search goes on.

但科学研究仍在继续。

Dr William Marsh, Natural History Museum
"Although this was a bit of breakthrough, we still have no real understanding of how dogs and wolves first separated. But from genetic analysis, we can tell it was probably between about 40,000 and 15,000 years ago."

威廉·马什博士 伦敦自然史博物馆
“虽然这是一个突破，但我们依然不清楚狗和狼最初是如何分化的。不过根据基因分析，我们可以断定这大概发生在 4 万到 1.5万年前。”

The new research, published in the journal Nature, suggests that the friendship between the very first dogs and Stone Age humans runs very deep, and was there almost from the very start.

这项发布在《自然》杂志上的新研究表明，最初的狗和石器时代人类之间的友谊根深蒂固，并且几乎从一开始就存在了。

重点词汇或表达

stalk （动物）出没

genetic analysis 基因分析

long-standing 长期的，长久的

push back （将时间线）提前

run deep （感情）深厚，根深蒂固