On April 23, acting U.S. attorney general Todd Blanche signed an order changing the federal classification of medical marijuana. The move, which came at the behest of President Donald Trump and will make the substance a Schedule 3 drug, will bring enormous tax benefits to medical marijuana producers in the 40 states where medical use is legal and may speed research into its effects, experts say. 

But it does not legalize marijuana at the federal level, nor does it change the status of marijuana grown for recreational use. Here’s what you need to know.

What is a Schedule 3 drug?

In the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)’s classification system, drugs are assigned a category according to whether they have an accepted medical use and whether they’re likely to cause addiction. Since 1970, marijuana has been a Schedule 1 drug, alongside heroin and LSD; Schedule 1 drugs have no accepted medical use and a high risk of dependence, and possessing them may have legal consequences. 

Schedule 3 drugs, where medical marijuana will now be classified, have a moderate-to-low risk of addiction. Drugs in this category include ketamine and testosterone.

A federal reclassification of medical marijuana, given its extensive use as a legal medical treatment at the state level, has been discussed before: President Biden pushed for reclassifying marijuana in 2024. Indeed, there are a number of substances whose Schedule 1 status may not be appropriate, says Alex Stevens, a professor of criminology at University of Sheffield in the U.K. who studies cannabis policy in the U.S. and other countries. MDMA, for example, “is a promising, but perhaps not yet proven, treatment for depression,” he says. “So there are still things in Schedule 1 that shouldn't be.” 

What does the Justice Department order mean?

It means that state-licensed makers of medical marijuana will be able to claim tax benefits that would not have previously been available with the Schedule 1 classification. 

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The rescheduling may also make it easier for scientists in the U.S. to study substances derived from marijuana. “Cannabis research is really, really limited by the previous scheduling,” says David Nutt, professor of neuropsychopharmacology at Imperial College London.

The order may also simplify the process of getting medical marijuana for some people, says Stevens. “It should, in theory, make it easier for people who need cannabis-based medical products to get them, and if it opens the door to insurers covering them, then that's a great benefit for people…who can't afford to pay the quite expensive costs of medical cannabis in the free market,” he says. 

It does not change the legal status of marijuana for recreational purposes.

What will happen going forward?

The reclassification follows Trump’s executive order on April 18 to speed the consideration of psychedelics as treatments. These recent moves suggest that many drugs that have long been difficult to study—not just cannabis–may soon be easier to research, says Nutt.  

Stevens speculates that future changes, whatever they may be, will reflect the goals of a variety of groups. “This power struggle between campaigners who want free access to cannabis for lots of different purposes, medical regulators who want to retain control over who gets to use it and who doesn’t, and businesses who want to make as much money as possible—the dynamic between those three policy actors is what’s going to affect the future of the cannabis market,” he says. 

Every morning, before you even wake up, your body is already getting ready for the day. Cortisol surges in the early hours, nudging your blood pressure up, helping your body tap into its energy reserves, and preparing your immune system for whatever the day will bring. By the time you’re out the door, it’s helping to keep you upright and functioning. “Back in the hunter-gatherer days,” says Dr. Matthew Badgett, a primary care physician with the Cleveland Clinic, “you woke up in the morning and your body needed to produce these stress hormones to get out and walk 10 or 20 miles to get to the next fruit tree.” Cortisol is what made that possible.

None of that fits the version of cortisol you’re likely to encounter online, where the hormone is blamed for everything from belly fat to brain fog to a round, puffy face, and the solution is often something sold in a dropper bottle. The problem isn’t just that this narrative is inaccurate, experts say—it’s that it can cause real harm, both by sending people down expensive and ineffective rabbit holes and by drowning out the signal for patients who have genuine cortisol disorders.

“Cortisol is indispensable for life,” says Dr. Tobias Carling, founder of the Carling Adrenal Center in Tampa. The question isn’t whether cortisol is bad for you. It’s whether yours is actually out of range—and whether you’d even know.

We asked experts who treat cortisol disorders to break down the most persistent myths about the hormone.

Myth #1: Cortisol is bad for you

Cortisol has a branding problem. The hormone is often talked about as something that needs to be detoxified, suppressed, or eliminated, but science tells a different story.

“Without cortisol, we would die,” Carling says. The hormone is produced by the adrenal glands and affects virtually every cell in the body. It regulates blood pressure, blood sugar, and immune response, in addition to governing the sleep-wake cycle. In the short term, it helps your body release energy when you’re under stress. In normal physiological amounts, it’s not a threat—it’s a necessity.

“It’s like insulin,” Badgett says. “Insulin gets a similarly bad rap—people say it’s bad for you, but insulin is necessary. It’s a question of balance.” The same logic applies to cortisol: Too little causes Addison’s disease, characterized by dangerous drops in blood pressure, blood sugar, and weight. Too much—characterized by Cushing syndrome, when cortisol levels stay chronically high—causes a cascade of serious problems. 

“Cortisol is adaptive and protective within its normal range and circadian rhythm,” says Dr. Maria Fleseriu, a neuroendocrinologist and director of the Oregon Health & Science University Pituitary Center. “Cortisol itself isn’t pathologic—chronic dysregulation is.”

Myth #2: Cortisol should always be low

If cortisol is a stress hormone, the thinking goes, surely less of it is better. But that idea is a misunderstanding of how the hormone works.

Cortisol follows a circadian rhythm: It rises steeply in the early morning—the surge is part of what wakes you up and gets you moving—and gradually falls throughout the day, reaching its lowest point late at night. 

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When clinicians diagnose true cortisol disorders, they don’t just look for high levels; they zero in on the loss of that normal rhythm. One hallmark of Cushing’s syndrome is that cortisol fails to drop at night, remaining persistently elevated when it should be at its lowest point. “The goal is preservation or restoration of a normal rhythm, not uniformly low cortisol levels,” Fleseriu says. “Many times we need it to be high.”

Myth #3: You can feel when your cortisol is high—and “cortisol face” is real

Across social media, people hold their phones up to show a puffy, rounded face after a stressful week at work. “Cortisol face,” the caption might read. The comments commiserate, but the science doesn’t agree.

The facial rounding people describe—what clinicians call “moon face”—is a real phenomenon most classically seen with true Cushing’s syndrome, where cortisol has been severely and persistently elevated. “When people have Cushing’s syndrome and their facial features change, that happens over months—it’s not a day-to-day kind of thing,” Carling says. 

Cortisol also does not produce the kind of acute sensations people associate it with. Unlike adrenaline, which causes second-to-second changes in heart rate and blood pressure that you can feel, cortisol ebbs and flows over hours to days. “It’s the chronic elevation that’s the problem,” Badgett says, and you can only detect that through clinical testing, not a feeling.

Myth #4: High cortisol is the main reason you can’t lose weight

Clinical hypercortisolism does in fact cause weight gain—particularly visceral fat around the midsection. In excess, it can disrupt metabolism, raise blood sugar, and drive fat storage. But the leap from that clinical reality to “cortisol is why I can’t lose weight” is a significant one.

“It very, very rarely is the sole issue and the sole pathology that’s driving all other problems,” Badgett says. For someone with normal cortisol levels, blaming the hormone for weight resistance ignores a long list of other contributors: how many calories you take in vs. burn, sleep quality, physical activity, medications, whether you’re going through menopause, and genetic predisposition, among others.

“Framing cortisol as the primary driver of weight resistance risks both overdiagnosis and misdirection from modifiable contributors,” Fleseriu says. Fixating on cortisol may cause people to overlook the things that are within their power to change.

Myth #5: Chronic stress means chronically high cortisol

It seems logical enough: Stress raises cortisol, and modern life is stressful. Therefore, most people are walking around with chronically elevated cortisol levels. But the actual relationship between stress and cortisol is more complicated—and in some cases, the opposite of what people assume.

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Acute stress does activate the cortisol response, sometimes sharply. But the effect is temporary: Once the stressor passes, cortisol levels normalize. It’s chronic, sustained stress where things get complicated. “Burnout is classically associated with a flattened [daily] cortisol rhythm, and sometimes low cortisol,” Fleseriu says. Some research suggests that people in states of chronic burnout may actually have blunted cortisol levels, not elevated.

Myth #6: “Adrenal fatigue” is a real diagnosis

There’s a persistent idea that chronic stress gradually wears out your adrenal glands. It doesn't. “Adrenal fatigue,” as it’s commonly called, is often characterized in online wellness circles by vague but relatable symptoms (fatigue, brain fog, feeling run-down), and it offers a convenient explanation for feeling off. Yet endocrinologists don’t buy it.

“Adrenal fatigue is not recognized by endocrine societies and lacks scientific validation,” Fleseriu says. One systematic review found no substantiation for the concept as a medical condition. Plus, if the adrenal gland were truly fatigued and failing to produce cortisol, that would be Addison’s disease—a serious, diagnosable condition with specific lab findings.

The label isn’t just inaccurate; it can delay appropriate evaluation of what’s really going on, whether that’s depression, thyroid dysfunction, anemia, or a true adrenal condition. “Its persistence reflects its narrative appeal,” Fleseriu says. Real adrenal disorders show up on lab tests, and ‘adrenal fatigue’ doesn't.

Myth #7: Supplements and adaptogens can lower your cortisol

The cortisol supplement market is enormous, and ashwagandha is its most prominent star. Videos promising to help viewers “balance” or “lower” their cortisol with adaptogens rack up millions of views. The research, however, is lacking.

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“There’s just no evidence to suggest that taking this supplement reduces cortisol levels in the blood” for most products on the market, Badgett says. Ashwagandha is something of a special case: Small randomized trials have shown it can modestly reduce perceived stress and, in some instances, cortisol levels. But even then, Badgett argues, the effect is often misunderstood. “It’s not working by balancing cortisol—it’s balancing things in the mind so cortisol gets balanced.” The supplement may help with anxiety and sleep, and cortisol may improve as a result. That’s different from directly lowering cortisol itself.

Myth #8: A “cortisol detox” can reset your hormones

“Cortisol detox” protocols circulate widely online. Some center on specific foods; others on morning routines, sleep hygiene, and screen time. Yet the concept of detoxing a hormone that your body produces continuously, and regulates through a tightly controlled system, doesn’t hold up to scrutiny, experts say.

Without any interference from you, the body maintains a careful balance between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands—a tightly regulated system that isn’t easily reset by cleanses or quick fixes. “Any detox or special diets or supplements is not going to change” how that system works, Carling says.

Myth #9: At-home cortisol tests can tell you if something is wrong

Direct-to-consumer cortisol testing has exploded alongside the at-home medical testing market. Saliva kits, urine strips, and even hair follicle analysis claim to reveal whether your cortisol is out of range—but experts urge caution.

The core problem is that cortisol isn’t a static number. It fluctuates throughout the day, spikes in response to acute stressors, and is affected by medications, sleep patterns, estrogen levels, and more. A single test taken at an arbitrary time of day isn’t particularly revealing. “One cortisol value doesn’t tell you anything in the large majority of cases,” Fleseriu says.

Properly diagnosing a cortisol disorder requires a specific sequence of validated tests—often including giving a small dose of a steroid to see whether the body shuts down cortisol production as it should, along with additional blood, urine, or saliva tests. “It’s very easy to go down a rabbit hole with home cortisol testing,” Carling says.

There’s also a concern about false reassurance. Fleseriu points out that even in clinical settings, some patients with Cushing’s syndrome produce normal results on certain tests—because some forms of the disease are cyclic, with cortisol fluctuating on and off. A normal home test doesn’t rule out disease. If a doctor strongly suspects there’s an issue, repeated screening under physician guidance is required. The answer to “is something wrong with my cortisol” rarely comes from a single test—at home or in a lab.